Free Essays on Non Profits

A charitable is an expense absolved association that serves the open intrigue. As a rule, the reason for this kind of association must be beneficent, instructive, logical, strict or abstract. These associations can be unincorporated or fused. A unincorporated philanthropic is fairly uncommon for while it very well may be given government charge absolved status or the assignment of being a 501(c)(3) association as characterized by the Internal Revenue Service, it detests the lawful assurance a partnership gives. At the point when a philanthropic association is joined, it imparts numerous qualities to revenue driven organizations with the exception of that there are no investors. There are three primary sorts of NPO’s: Public-advantage partnerships, common advantage enterprises, and strict organizations. Open advantage companies can just disseminate resources for other open advantage partnerships. Shared advantage enterprises can disperse resources for their own individuals, and under specific conditions just as for open advantage purposes. Strict enterprises must observe the guidelines of their administering bodies. Non benefit open advantage enterprises hold their advantages in what is called altruistic trust. A beneficent trust is a substance that holds cash or resources for magnanimous purposes. The distinction for the NPO’s is that not normal for gainful organizations, if the magnanimous trusts have surplus income, they have a place with the open the enterprise was intended to serve. On the off chance that the organization turns into a benefit organization, the overflow turns into a gift to another altruistic help. Similarly as the name shows, strict partnerships are framed fundamentally or only for strict purposes. These gatherings can qualify as strict associations under both state consolidation law and Section 501(c) (3). You need not set up a conventional church to shape a strict not-for-profit organization; these gatherings can have a general strict reason. For instance, a gathering sorted out to advance the investigation and practice of a p... Free Essays on Non Profits Free Essays on Non Profits A not-for-profit is an assessment excluded association that serves the open intrigue. All in all, the reason for this kind of association must be magnanimous, instructive, logical, strict or artistic. These associations can be unincorporated or joined. A unincorporated not-for-profit is to some degree uncommon for while it tends to be given government charge absolved status or the assignment of being a 501(c)(3) association as characterized by the Internal Revenue Service, it hates the lawful assurance an enterprise gives. At the point when a not-for-profit association is fused, it imparts numerous characteristics to revenue driven enterprises with the exception of that there are no investors. There are three primary sorts of NPO’s: Public-advantage companies, shared advantage partnerships, and strict organizations. Open advantage companies can just convey resources for other open advantage partnerships. Shared advantage organizations can convey resources for their own individuals, and under specific conditions just as for open advantage purposes. Strict partnerships must adhere to the standards of their administering bodies. Non benefit open advantage companies hold their advantages in what is called magnanimous trust. A magnanimous trust is a substance that holds cash or resources for beneficent purposes. The distinction for the NPO’s is that not normal for productive organizations, if the beneficent trusts have surplus income, they have a place with the open the enterprise was intended to serve. On the off chance that the partnership turns into a benefit organization, the overflow turns into a gift to another altruistic assistance. Similarly as the name shows, strict organizations are shaped principally or only for strict purposes. These gatherings can qualify as strict associations under both state fuse law and Section 501(c) (3). You need not set up a proper church to shape a strict not-for-profit partnership; these gatherings can have a general strict reason. For instance, a gathering composed to advance the investigation and practice of a p... Free Essays on Non Profits A charitable is a duty excluded association that serves the open intrigue. As a rule, the reason for this kind of association must be magnanimous, instructive, logical, strict or abstract. These associations can be unincorporated or joined. A unincorporated charitable is to some degree uncommon for while it very well may be given government charge absolved status or the assignment of being a 501(c)(3) association as characterized by the Internal Revenue Service, it detests the legitimate assurance a company gives. At the point when a philanthropic association is consolidated, it imparts numerous attributes to revenue driven organizations with the exception of that there are no investors. There are three primary sorts of NPO’s: Public-advantage companies, shared advantage partnerships, and strict enterprises. Open advantage enterprises can just circulate resources for other open advantage partnerships. Common advantage enterprises can convey resources for their own individuals, and under specific conditions just as for open advantage purposes. Strict companies must keep the standards of their administering bodies. Non benefit open advantage enterprises hold their benefits in what is called altruistic trust. A beneficent trust is an element that holds cash or resources for magnanimous purposes. The distinction for the NPO’s is that not normal for productive organizations, if the magnanimous trusts have surplus income, they have a place with the open the company was intended to serve. In the event that the partnership turns into a benefit organization, the overflow turns into a gift to another altruistic assistance. Similarly as the name shows, strict companies are framed essentially or solely for strict purposes. These gatherings can qualify as strict associations under both state fuse law and Section 501(c) (3). You need not set up a proper church to frame a strict charitable organization; these gatherings can have a general strict reason. For instance, a gathering composed to advance the examination and practice of a p...

The Economic Boom in Qatar, UAE & Saudi Arabia Research Paper

The Economic Boom in Qatar, UAE and Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Despite the fact that the ongoing political advancements in the Middle Easter nations like Egypt, Libya and so on are causing a few effects in these three nations, no one expect a political flimsiness in these nations on account of the more significant level of way of life in these nations contrasted with that in other neighboring nations. Dubai, one of the conspicuous emirates of UAE confronted some monetary issues as of late; be that as it may, Abu Dhabi had the option to lift Dubai from the ongoing money related emergency. As it were, various emirates in UAE are helping each other when any of them face inconvenience which is the significant motivation behind why United Arab Emirates had the option to grow appropriately. Business is the significant income wellspring of UAE. Saudi Arabia then again is honored with monstrous oil assets and their economy is exceptionally reliant on the oil incomes. Qatar has incomes from oil assets, the travel industry, marine items and so on. This pa per examinations the monetary blasts in these three Middle Easter nations; Qatar, UAE and Saudi Arabia. The Economic Boom in Qatar is one of the noticeable Middle Eastern nations which have various scopes of income sources. While a large portion of the other bay nations depend intensely on oil incomes for financial turn of events, Qatar is honored with oil assets, marine items, the travel industry, land incomes and so on. As per the 2010 measurements, Qatar’s GDP genuine development rate is 19.4% contrasted with 9.5% in 2009 and 11.7% 2008 (Qatar GDP - Real Growth Rate) (See Appendix for additional subtleties). It is apparent from the above measurements that the GDP development multiplied in year 2010 contrasted with that in year 2009. Maybe, no other nation on the planet has ever recorded such remarkable development rates longer than a year timeframe. Oil and gas represent over half of GDP, generally 85% of fare income, and 70% of government incomes. Oil and gas have made Qa tar the second most noteworthy per-capita salary nation. Demonstrated oil stores of 15 billion barrels should empower proceeded with yield at current levels for a long time (Qatar Population) Oil assets are nonrenewable vitality sources. It is debilitating step by step as a result of over abuse and increment in the quantity of car vehicles which utilize oil assets. At the end of the day, the interest for oil assets will be expanded in the coming years. Qatar is one nation which has higher oil stocks at present. To put it plainly, Qatar’s financial advancement may not be influenced at any rate for another thirty or forty years of time as a result of their oil stocks. Business, the travel industry and marine items are some other income hotspots for Qatar. Qatar’s waterfront regions are honored with some uncommon types of fishes. Around 150 distinct types of fishes were recorded in the seacoast of Qatar. â€Å"Sweet lips, heads and snappers, goatfish, shark, groupers, ba rracudas, string blades, reptile fish and bunny fish† and so on are a portion of the uncommon fish species accessible in the ocean shoreline of (Qatar, 2005) Qatar has a wide seaside territory and truly, angling is one of the significant income hotspots for the Qataris. Another purpose behind the financial blast in Qatar is the advancement of good instructive practices. Qatar is doing everything conceivable to give great training to its kin. They understood that informed individuals are one of the significant columns whereupon a nation can create. Numerous American, Canadian and British colleges are working in Qatar.

Information Systems (Database Assignment) Essay

Data Systems (Database Assignment) - Essay Example Each book has a paper card which keeps up the record of which part purchased which book and when. At the point when a part obtains a book, Mr. Russell denotes the passage on the card and furthermore composes this in his journal. He at that point keeps the card with himself to help him to remember the pending books. There is likewise another note pad which keeps in touch subtleties of the considerable number of individuals from the library. At first, when the quantity of individuals used to be less, the current framework ran easily and had no blemishes. Nonetheless, as the quantity of individuals and the day by day exchanges increment, there are a couple of significant issues that Mr. Russell is confronting. They are depicted beneath: There are no appropriate records for the books in the racks. Frequently individuals grumble that they don't have the office to look for a specific book, or possibly know, regardless of whether it is accessible or has been given. The circumstance burns through a great deal of time and individuals need to hold up quite a while. It requires a significant stretch of time to discover which individuals have not restored their books back inside the due date. Individuals should be reminded to return their books on schedule and any individuals who constantly neglect to return books on schedule, should be punished. With the present framework, there is no way to locate this out. In this venture, we have investigated an issue at a nearby library called Reader’s Inn which is presently running on manual framework. It is hard to look through manual records and huge numbers of the usefulness required, for example, report age are unrealistic. Subsequently, we built up the plan for a database framework for the library which comprised of three standardized elements. Every one of these elements had a few characteristics. These substances were customized in Ms Access 2007, a typical database bundle. Aside from the database tables, we additionally planned information screens for information and reports for yield. With this database framework, the current issues will be settled, all things considered, and the new

Analyze The Performance Of Maybank Group Finance Essay

Break down The Performance Of Maybank Group Finance Essay 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this section, the scientist will take a gander at the historical backdrop of Maybank bunch overall other than that, the analyst will likewise audit and break down the exhibition of Maybank gathering and furthermore Islamic item that been offered by Maybank Islamic Berhad. Organization HISTORY 3.2.1 Maybank Maybank was joined on 31 May 1960 and started procedure on 12 September around the same time, ascending from the soul of Independence to make ready for dynamic change in the countrys banking and money related scene. Our organizers were visionary in their longing to see Maybank develop to exceed expectations both in the local market and in the district. Throughout the years, Maybank has driven a forceful drive to extend organize and expand reach. The Group has reliably set new benchmarks in item and administration conveyance by accomplishing numerous firsts in the business, for example, rustic credit plot, cards administrations, corporate and speculation banking, versatile financial administrations, web banking and Islamic banking. Maybank works through a broad system of more than 1,700 workplaces in 14 nations remembering 7 for South East Asia. The Group is spoken to in the major money related focuses of London, New York, Hong Kong and Singapore. 3.2.2 Maybank Islamic Maybank Islamic Berhad, a completely possessed auxiliary and the Islamic financial arm of the Maybank Group, is the biggest Islamic bank in Malaysia. It began its underlying activities offering Islamic budgetary administrations through a window idea in 1993 and later combined to undeniable Islamic financial procedure on 1 January 2008. With an expansiveness of over 17 years involvement with the Islamic banking and fund, Maybank Islamic has been viewed as the main Islamic bank in the Asia Pacific district and positions among the universes top 15 Islamic money related establishments. Today, Maybank Islamic gladly remains over its friends in the home market with Shariah-consistent resources of more than USD12 billion ordering noteworthy piece of the overall industry in financing and stores of over 24% and 21% separately. Maybank Islamic accepts that serving the necessities of clients is a need and as such it is resolved to give a wide cluster of Shariah-consistent money related items and administrations to suit its clients inclination and decisions. Aside from business banking offered by Maybank Islamic, Maybank Groups Islamic venture banking and capital market business are offered through Maybank Investment Bank and chose abroad workplaces in major monetary focuses of Bahrain, London, Singapore and the worldwide seaward money related focal point of Labuan. As an industry symbol, Maybank Islamic is focused on scaling new statures as reflected in the manner the Bank works its business, the manner in which its convey items and administrations to clients and in the manner the Bank connects in excess of 25,000 Maybankers over its nation of origin just as its colleagues and partners universally 3.3 OBJECTIVE OF ESTABLISHMENT The destinations of the foundation of Maybank Islamic Berhad are as per the following: 1. To proceeds as a Market Leader in Islamic financial field in the part of items and administrations. 2. Presented the money related item that depends on MM idea as an option in contrast to current the BBA item 3. Presented the money related item that depends on Ijarah Mutahiah Bittamlek 4. Presented the administration of interest in an Islamic manner 5. Engaged with resource the executives in a transparently way 6. Presented Islamic card credit 7. Effectively engaged with Murabahah item Governing body Dato Seri Ismail Shahudin Dato Seri Ismail Shahudin was selected as a Director and Chairman of Maybank Islamic on 23 January 2010. He was Chairman of Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad from 2004 until his retirement in July 2008. He has held senior situations in Citibank, serving both in Malaysia and New York, United Asian Bank and Maybank where he was named Executive Director in 1997. He left Maybank in 2002 to take on the situation of Group Chief Executive Officer of MMC Corporation Berhad before his arrangement to the Board of Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad. His present directorships in organizations inside the Maybank Group incorporate as Director of Maybank Berhad. He fills in as Chairman of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee and as an individual from the Credit Review, Risk Management, and Employee Share Option Scheme Committees of Maybank Berhad. Tan Sri Datuk Dr Hadenan receptacle A. Jalil Tan Sri Datuk Dr Hadenan receptacle A. Jalil was named as a Director of Maybank Islamic on 23 January 2010. Tan Sri Datuk Dr Hadenan receptacle A. Jalil was Auditor General from 2000 to 2006. He presented with the Government for a long time in different limits in the Treasury, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Works preceding his arrangement as Auditor General. His present directorships in organizations inside the Maybank Group incorporate as Director of Maybank Berhad. He fills in as Chairman of the Audit Committee and as an individual from the Credit Review, Nomination and Remuneration, and Employee Share Option Scheme Committees of Maybank Berhad. Zainal Abidin Jamal Zainal Abidin Jamal was named as a Director of Maybank Islamic on 23 January 2010. He is a rehearsing corporate and business legal advisor and built up his firm, Zainal Abidin Co, in 1987, where he is a Senior Partner. He was enlisted as an Advocate Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya in 1986. Somewhere in the range of 1983 and 1986, he filled in as the Company Secretary of Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad. Preceding that, he had drilled in Singapore where he was tried out 1980 as an Advocate and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Singapore and had likewise filled in as a First Class Magistrate in Brunei Darussalam. His present directorships in organizations inside the Maybank Group incorporate as Chairman of Mayban Trustees Berhad and Director of Maybank Berhad, a Director of Etiqa Insurance Berhad, Etiqa Takaful Berhad, Maybank International (L) Limited, and Mayban International Trust (L) Ltd. Datuk Dr. Syed Othman container Syed Hussin Alhabshi Datuk Dr. Syed Othman container Syed Hussin Alhabshi was delegated as a Director of Maybank Islamic on 30 January 2008. Datuk Dr. Syed Othamn has immense experience as an academician. He held different scholastic administration and research post at International Islamic University of Malaysia, University Utara Malaysia, University Tun Abdul Razak and Institute of Islamic Understanding of Malaysia before he accepted accountability as the Professor of Islamic Economics, Chief Academic Officer and Head of Takaful at International Center for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF). Datuk Dr. Syed Othman is a chief of Etiqa Takaful Berhad. He is likewise an executive of Prima Prai Sdn Bhd, Epen Bina Sdn Bhd and Universiti Teknikal MARA Sdn Bhd. Items AND SERVICES IN MAYBANK ISLAMIC Home Equity-I HomeEquity-I is a shariah agreeable home financing plan dependent on the Musharakah Mutanaqisah or reducing association idea. Maybank Islamic (the bank) and candidate go into a joint association with bank to raise capital for procuring a property. The two gatherings become joint land owners with shares distribution dependent on measure of capital contributed. Maybank Islamic discharges its offers to candidate who steadily gets banks responsibility for property with regularly scheduled installments made over a concurred timespan in this way decreasing the banks share till property is completely claimed by candidate. Home Fianancing - I BBA is characterized as conceded installment deal. BBA includes the deal and buy exchanges between the bank and the client. Under this idea, clients may concede complete installment of advantage which is the property in portions over a particular timeframe. Fixed installment that shows precisely what clients need to pay all through the residency. valuable for those taking a shot at a month to month spending plan. MaxiHome-I MaxiHome-I alludes to Home Financing under Variable Rate Financing (VRF). Maxihome Loan Packages oblige the necessities of people and private ventures, including financing the acquisition of new properties, sub-deals, renegotiating, redraws and remortgages. This item is applied under the ideas of Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA). BBA is characterized as conceded installment deal. BBA includes the deal buy exchanges between the bank and the client. Under this idea, clients may concede all out installment of the property in portions over a particular timeframe. ShophouseEquity-I ShophouseEquity-I is a shariah agreeable home financing plan dependent on the Musharakah Mutanaqisah or reducing association idea. Maybank Islamic and candidate go into a joint association with bank to raise capital for obtaining a property.Both parties become joint land owners with shares assignment dependent on measure of capital contributed. Maybank Islamic discharges its offers to candidate who continuously gains banks responsibility for property with regularly scheduled installments made over a concurred timeframe subsequently reducing the banks share till property is completely claimed by candidate. Shop house Financing-I A fixed rate financing for shop houses at present being drilled under the idea of Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA), Shop house Financing-I is suggested particularly for homebuyers who lean toward a fixed month to month spending where you realize precisely the amount to pay all through the residency, regardless of whether by a solitary portion whole or in-accordance with the multi-layered rates. MaxiShop-I MaxiShop-I alludes to Shophouse Financing-I under Variable Rate Financing (VRF). MaxiShop Loan Packages taking into account the requirements of people and independent ventures, including financing the acquisition of new plug properties, sub-deals, renegotiating, redraws and remortgages. The extent of business properties under MaxiShop incorporates shop houses, shop workplaces, business parcels in shopping complex, office parts, processing plants, mechanical structures. This item is applied under the ideas of Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA). BBA is characterized as conceded installment

Elmer Gantry Essay Research Paper The majority free essay sample

Elmer Gantry Essay, Research Paper The majority of all books are refuse. Sinclair Lewis? Elmer Gantry is an extraordinary book since it has validity, a dateless subject, and it has the important activity. Any book that can make that is an extraordinary book. The validity of Elmer Gantry is something that will keep up this book everlastingly extraordinary. In spite of the fact that the existent clasp period is dated, the mystery plan is non dated. The vast majority can partner to the various characters in the book. Elmer is a pretentious football member who feels that he is higher than any confidence. In any case, individuals attempt, and effectively change over him. He endeavors to amuse two Masterss from the start: his frailties and God. He at long last makes the assurance to populate by God, however of class he will now and again gull around with his old frailties, especially infidelity. The vast majority know individual who is this way and still someway succeeds in spite of the fact that he shouldn? Ts have. We will compose a custom exposition test on Elmer Gantry Essay Research Paper The lion's share or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In spite of the fact that Elmer is more most extreme than the individuals the peruser is probably going to cognize, he is as yet an extremely acceptable characters. Something else that makes this an ageless novel is that it has the required activity to pull the peruser who only needs diversion. Elmer habitually gets into fights that will keep up the peruser in the fringe of their place. He will go up against chances that most would run off from, however close to has times when he calls it quits from a fight, for example, when Brother Naylor and Brother Bains stand up to him about? gulling about? with Lulu. It other than has satisfactory possibilities for the advanced individual to accept about sex in spite of the fact that it doesn? t diagrammatically state what occurs. This makes all the sexual moments up to the peruser which may ignore them or appreciate on them. A book with this blend of sex and power makes it a book that it is even appropriate for simple perusing for the person who does non want to larn anything. At long last, Elmer Gantry is a dateless book since it has a cosmopolitan subject: universes will ever violate. It is most obviously observed through Elmer, despite the fact that it is seen in different characters as great. Elmer has had a past filled with raising snake pit and being a rationalist. He changes over, yet at the same time endures similar occupations. He despite everything beverages, exhaust, and has insouciant sex. He gets blamed for playing with one of the parishioners of his first church, and when he can escape that trial, he so gets kicked out of theological school for soaking up. He takes some clasp off as a worry grown-up male, however finishes back in the service, this clasp in a going evangelism appear, sort of the antecedent of TV ministers. He gets off of smoke and soaking up, yet is as yet a fornicator, which is his significant character deformity. He at long last gets hitched, and takes his lesson truly. Be that as it may, he despite everything perpetrates cr iminal discussion with in any event two grown-up females. What's more, simply when the peruser believes that he is making a trip to clean his demonstration, he gets again into the beat at the terminal of the novel. In spite of the fact that he is the most fertile scalawag in the novel, he has organization. Jim, his first evident companion, has no different frailties as Elmer. Sharon is a fornicatress and Frank is a skeptic. Everybody in this story has frailties that they will non, or can non, surrender. That is valid with all universes, which is the thing that makes the subject widespread. Everybody should peruse a book like this since he can larn something from it. Be that as it may, many right flying traditionalist Christians need to boycott this book since they state it assaults the Christian confidence and is in hapless gustatory sensation. They are entirely inaccurate, by and by. They ought to envelop this book as a notice on what non to make.

Application Submission Explained . . . Soon COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Application Submission Explained . . . Soon COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I have been working on a post to explain what you will see on the application site after you submit your application.   There are a few steps that we go through after you submit and I feel that pictures will help to tell the story the best.   Taking screen shots, giving them a little flair in Photoshop, and matching text to the pictures is taking a bit longer than expected. For those that have submitted your application, rest assured we are working on them and will be in contact should we need anything. For those that have yet to submit, as a reminder the deadline is January 5th at 11:59 PM EST.

Religious Fanaticism in The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner - Literature Essay Samples

Scottish novelist James Hogg’s The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner opens with a narrative by an unknown editor describing the Colwan family and the feud between the Colwan brothers, Robert, later known as Robert Wringhim, and George. The editor’s narrative is followed by the manuscript told in Robert’s point of view. This manuscript reveals Robert’s emotions and feelings of self-righteousness, and it allows readers to closely follow the events that led to his lost sense of reality. Religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination in The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner is a prevalent theme as reflected in the justification of sin, Robert’s self-righteousness and mental state of mind, and Gil-Martin’s evil demeanor. The primary example of the prevalent theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination in The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner is the justification of sin, especially when Robert kills his own brother George. On his eighteenth birthday, Robert’s father figure and minister, Reverend Robert Wringhim instills in him the belief that he is one of the elect, meaning that he is predestined by the Lord for eternal salvation and grace. The day of his birthday he also meets the character Gil-Martin in the woods, where his spiritual and intellectual capacities impress Robert. Robert’s belief that he is one of the elect, as well as urges from the evil Gil-Martin, leads him to commit the murder of his brother. Karen M. McConnell claims, â€Å"Robert Wringhim is blinded to the possibility of a fall from salvation due to the Rev. Wringhim’s assurance of his election, and Gil-Martin’s Antinomian insist ence on a separation between mortal (and moral) behavior and spiritual redemption† (24). These two factors contribute to Robert’s spiritual blindness and reinforce his belief that as a member of the elect he is predestined for heaven, excused from his sins, and these factors also serve as justification for the murder. The murder of George Colwan is often viewed as one driven by jealousy and hatred. Robert Wringhim’s father disowned him and cared only for George, his first born son and sole inheritor of Dalcastle. Because of this, Robert bonded with Reverend Wringhim, the man who raised him and cared for him like his own son. Reverend Wringhim also informed Robert of his elect status when he spoke, â€Å"All the powers of darkness shall never be able to pluck you again out of your Redeemer’s hand. And now, my son, be strong and stedfast in the truth. Set your face against sin, and sinful men† (Hogg 79). While jealousy and hatred towards George were driving forces in the murder, religious fanaticism was the primary reason for the murder. With encouragement in the form of divine purpose from Gil-Martin and the assurance from Reverend Wringhim that nothing could shake him from God’s grace, Robert resists every spiritual and moral inclination not to follow through with the murder of his brother. Ultimately his fanaticism prompts him to carry through with the murder because he views the sin as a justified one, he believes he’s doing the Lord and the Earth a good deed, and he believes he is predestined for heaven no matter what. As a member of the elect, Robert sees it his duty to be a tool of the Lord and to clear the Earth of sinners. His belief that the Lord is using him, an idea reinforced often by Gil-Martin, serves as justification for the sins he commits. While he believes his soul is saved, he continues to struggle with the idea of what is morally right and wrong. When Gil-Martin reiterates that by committing murders they are working in the Lord’s favor, it erases Robert’s doubts and his sins are justified. However, this is taking religion to an extreme, a fanatic level, and the minister Mr. Blanchard denotes this in a conversation with Robert regarding his affairs with Gil-Martin. The conversation reads, â€Å"He, indeed, pretends great strictness of orthodoxy regarding some of the points of doctrine embraced by the reformed church; but you do not seem to perceive, that both you and he are carrying these points to a dangerous extremity† (90). Here, Mr. Blanchard implies that he is aware of Robert’s state of religious fanatic ism by voicing that even though he is devoutly following the doctrine and the ways of the church, he and Gil-Martin are pushing the boundaries of religion. The theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination is again ubiquitous in this conversation. Robert’s self-righteousness and mental state-of-mind also contribute to the theme of religious fanaticism. His belief that he is one of the elect and that his soul is finally and irredeemably saved is a driving force in his murder spree. When encouraged by the evil Gil-Martin to murder Mr. Blanchard, a moral preacher, it is revealed that Robert actually resists an opportunity for salvation. Although he is nearly convinced to go through with the murder, his mind wrestles with the distinction between moral and spiritual wrongdoings, dwelling on Gil-Martin’s point that the elect would be better off without such a â€Å"mildew† and it was their duty to rid the Earth of such wickedness. Revealing this battle and how his spirit was aloof from the idea of the murder, his manuscript reads, â€Å"I looked up to Heaven for direct ion; but there was a dimness came over my eyes that I could not see† (95). Here Robert gazes upwards to Heaven, as if asking the Lord what he should do, yet he resists what may be an opportunity for salvation. Furthering this point, when Robert is waiting to kill Mr. Blanchard, he hears a voice of caution but chooses to ignore it and follow through with the murder. By killing Mr. Blanchard, he pushes away his inclinations of morals yet again, and he believes he becomes what he has always yearned to be, a weapon of the Lord, punishing offenders and sinners. The theme of religious fanaticism is apparent through his own self-righteousness, demonstrated when he kills Mr. Blanchard with no remorse because he holds himself to God-like regards. Robert’s self-righteousness can best be seen in the way that he views sinners. Robert places both himself and Gil-Martin on a pedestal as the elect and looks down upon everyone else. They do not value human life more than that of an animal, for they take lives and feel no guilt or remorse. When Gil-Martin speaks to Robert of murdering Mr. Blanchard his views on the value of a life of a sinner are revealed. Gil-Martin speaks, â€Å"Let us go and cut him off. What is the life of a man more than the life of a lamb? Or any guiltless animal? It is not half so much, especially when we consider the immensity of the mischief this old fellow is working among our fellow creatures?† (94). In this passage, Gil-Martin clearly expresses his view that Mr. Blanchard does not deserve to live because he does not like the way that he preaches or speaks ill of him. He goes on to say that it their duty to kill him. He speaks, â€Å"Can there be any doubt that it is the duty of one consecra ted to God, to cut off such a mildew?† (94). Religious fanaticism is ever-present in this exchange between Gil-Martin and Robert. As an elect, â€Å"one consecrated to God† as Gil-Martin says, Robert finds it his duty to kill Mr. Blanchard and in this act his self-righteousness is revealed, and the theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination is reinforced. In the novel, the anonymous editor first describes Robert, and it reads, â€Å"He was an acute boy, an excellent learner, had ardent and ungovernable passions and withal, a sternness of demeanour from which other boys shrunk† (15). Compared to his charismatic, kind brother, Robert is more a stern intellectual. He is good at reasoning, smart, and level-headed. However, by the push of the evil Gil-Martin, Robert Wringhim begins to lose his sense of reality. His mind, already torn between spiritual and moral rights and wrongs, slips from him. Critic Ian Campbell describes Robert’s deteriorating mental state in the afterword to the novel, and it reads, â€Å"Wringhim’s religiose discourse attempts to convince us of the respectability of a narrative which is plainly increasingly composed of paranoia and self-delusion† (180). It is apparent that Robert has plunged deep into his own mind and far away from the real world when he awakes from a night of drinking and six months has passed. He remembers nothing of this time, including the murder of his mother by his own hand. His servant Samuel rushes in to tell of the discoveries of the bodies: â€Å"For God’s sake, master, fly and hide yourself, for your mother’s found, an’ as sure as you’re a living soul, the blame is gaun to fa’ on you!â₠¬  (142). Here, the reader can see that everyone but Robert knows that he committed the murders. This point is reinforced when Robert speaks, â€Å"My mother found! And, pray, where has she been all this while?† (142). Again, the reader can see that Robert has no recollection of murdering his mother. However, Samuel allows the reader to see what the rest of the world is seeing in relation to Robert and the murders. He replies, â€Å"Been, sir! Been? Why, she has been where ye pat her, it seems, lying buried in the sands o’ the linn. I can tell you, ye will see her frightsome figure, sic as I never wish to see again. An’ the young lady is found too, sir† (142). Through this conversation the reader is allowed into the world that Robert is no longer fully in touch with. His state of religious fanaticism has led him to lose his grip on reality and live in a state of delusion and paranoia. The theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Cal vinist concept of predestination is again apparent through Robert’s lost sense of reality. Robert’s apparent state-of-mind is clearly deteriorating throughout the novel. Readers are able to closely follow the events and emotions leading to this deterioration in his manuscript, which is a detailed account of the events in Robert’s point of view. Robert becomes haunted by Gil-Martin, even when not in his presence. This constant state of paranoia is driving him mad. He gives a glimpse into his mind, when he relates, â€Å"I could no longer live with my tyrant, who haunted me like my shadow; and besides, it seems there were proofs of murder leading against me from all quarters. Of part of these I deemed myself quite free, but the world deemed otherwise† (141). Here, Robert reveals that Gil-Martin has become a tyrant to him and haunts him in his daily life. The reader can also see that Robert has lost his grip on reality, for he sees himself free of the murders and cannot even recall committing them. The one person who encouraged him the most in his murder spree and the person he was once so fascinated by has now become the person whom he fears and who haunts him. The theme of religious fanaticism is shown here through the way that Robert’s beliefs have driven him mad and placed him into a constant state of paranoia. An ever-present example of the theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination is Gil-Martin’s evil demeanor. When Robert first meets Gil-Martin in the woods he is infatuated with his character and intellect. His manuscript reveals, â€Å"I felt a sort of invisible power that drew me towards him, something like the force of enchantment, which I could not resist† (80). This enchantment can easily be inferred as the Devil’s enchantment. Robert is infatuated by the way that Gil-Martin looks exactly like him and becomes even more infatuated when Gil-Martin speaks: â€Å"You think I am your brother, or that I am your second self. I am indeed your b rother, not according to flesh, but in my belief of the same truths, and my assurance in the same mode of redemption than which, I hold nothing so great or so glorious on earth† (80). Here, Robert believes he has found someone who has the exact beliefs as he does and holds religion in the highest regards. He meets Gil-Martin in one of the most optimal, yet vulnerable times of his life, when he has just been informed of his elect status. Gil-Martin, as a devil figure, takes this opportunity to influence Robert and lead him to corruption and sin. He serves as Robert’s evil doppelgà ¤nger and says he envies his state of election and will be his humble disciple, easily accepting and agreeing with every one of Robert’s religious beliefs to captivate him and gain his trust. Robert reveals another eerie trait of Gil-Martin’s: â€Å"I stood in a sort of awe of him, which I could not account for, and several times was seized with an involuntary inclination to escape from his presence, by making a sudden retreat. But he seemed constantly to anticipate my thoughts† (81). In these lines, it appears that Gil-Martin has a sixth sense or perhaps can even read Robert’s mind. These devil-like qualities are the first signs that something is sinister about Gil-Martin and foreshadows that he is going to take advantage of Robert’s faith. Critic Alison M. Jack states, â€Å"Wringhim’s th eology and biblical (mis)readings are the foundations on which Robert’s ultimately destructive faith are built. Gil-Martin takes the theology of predestination Robert has been taught by the Reverend Wringhim and pushes it to its logical limit† (51). Jack explains that Robert’s faulty foundation of faith can easily be spun and stretched to accommodate Gil-Martin’s evil motives and convince Robert to sin. Ultimately, this character flaw being taken advantage of is what led to Robert’s murder spree, and it demonstrates how the concept of predestination, when pushed to its limits, can lead to detrimental effects. The prevalent theme of religious fanaticism is again shown through this. Gil-Martin embodies several devil-like qualities, but one important quality is that the reader and Robert never witness him praying. For a man who claims to be in good faith and religious, it should be commonplace for him to pray and join in prayer with his close friends. Robert realizes the lack of prayer after months of their friendship, and his manuscript reads â€Å"After weeks, and may I say months of intimacy, I observed, somewhat to my amazement, that we had never once prayed together, and more than that, that he had constantly led my attention away from that duty, causing me to neglect it wholly† (88). These lines reveal Gil-Martin’s lack of prayer and also how he distracts Robert from worshipping and praying. To further this point, when Robert first encountered Gil-Martin on the day of his eighteenth birthday, they spent the whole day conversing about their beliefs. The passage states, â€Å"I then discovered that the purpose for which I had sought the fields had been neglected, and that I had been diverted from the worship of God, by attending to the quibbles and dogmas of this singular and unaccountable being† (82). Taking Robert away from his worship is an attempt to lead him further from the Lord and from his path as a member of the elect, thus making him more easy to influence. when he is asked what his Christian name is, he denies having one. Gil-Martin speaks, â€Å"Very well, you may call me Gil-Martin. It is not my Christian name; but it is the name which may serve your turn† (89). By denying having a Christian name, Gil-Martin could very well be denying being a Christian, and this could foreshadow his intentions and events to come. Gil-Martin’s evil demeanor is an example of the theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination by the way he twists Robert’s concepts of religion to fit his agenda. Gil-Martin, as a devil figure, is manipulative and cunning. He uses Robert’s status as an elect and the concept of predestination as a weapon against him. He encourages him to sin and constantly reinforces the idea that the sins are justified because they are of the elect and tools of the Lord. By murdering these people, he says that they are ridding the world of sin. Without this push from Gil-Martin and without him placing such an emphasis on Robert’s elect status, Robert would likely not have started his murder spree, and he would have devoted his time to prayer and worship. Gil-Martin’s presence is one that Robert begins to fear, as if he can feel the evil qualities his friend embodies. In his manuscript, Robert recalls, â€Å"When I was by myself, I breathed freer, and my step was lighter; but, when he approached, a pang went to my heart, and, in his company, I moved and acted as if under a load that I could hardly endure† (126). These lines reveal th e fear and stress Gil-Martin, through his evil demeanor and motives, places on Robert when he is present. The theme of religious fanaticism is again present in the way Gil-Martin manipulates Robert and uses his status against him. The most prominent devil-like quality that Gil-Martin encompasses is his ability to change his appearance. The reader first witnesses this act when Robert meets Gil-Martin for the first time in the woods. Gil-Martin takes on an appearance that is strikingly identical to Robert’s. However, in Robert’s next encounter with Gil-Martin, he looks completely different. Gil-Martin responds to Robert’s confusion of his appearance by stating, â€Å"My countenance changes with my studies and sensations. It is a natural peculiarity in me, over which I have not full control. If I contemplate a man’s features seriously, mine own gradually assume the very same appearance and character† (86). No normal man can change his appearance in th is manner, and when Gil-Martin uses this ability to commit murder, it can only be viewed as a devilish quality. Critic Ian Duncan claims, â€Å"Gil-Martin’s ‘cameleon art’ conflates sympathy with physiognomy, the art of interpreting the forms and expressions of people’s countenances. This physiognomy is flagrantly invasive—a colonization of the other that erases the properties of his interiority, his supposedly inalienable private self† (346). Duncan’s elaboration on Gil-Martin’s ability is justified through the lack of Gil-Martin’s personal life. By changing his appearance, neither Robert nor the reader can have a firm grasp on who Gil-Martin really is. Lacking knowledge of Gil-Martin’s family life, connections, or past, Gil-Martin remains a mystery to everyone. Chameleonizing, Gil-Martin depersonalizes himself and easily symbolizes the devil. Throughout the novel, the reader sees that the townspeople, however, de spite the lack of knowledge and background, are still able to peg Gil-Martin’s presence as an evil one. Mr. Blanchard speaks of Gil-Martin to Robert, and it reads, â€Å"I never saw any body I disliked so much in my life, Mr. Robert; and if it be true that he is a stranger here, which I doubt, believe me he is come for no good† (90). Even before any murders were committed, Mr. Blanchard, oblivious to Gil-Martin’s plot to kill him, was able to read Gil-Martin’s motives as evil ones. His intuitions prove to be correct when Gil-Martin convinces Robert to assist in killing him. Gil-Martin’s evil demeanor reflects the theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination through its ability to sway Robert’s decisions, and its ability to twist the concept of predestination in order to rationalize Robert’s sins. The theme of religious fanaticism through its deep portrait of the Calvinist concept of predestination is ubiquitous in James Hogg’s novel as reflected by the justification of sin, Robert’s self-righteousness and mental state-of-mind, and Gil-Martin’s evil demeanor. Hogg’s use of an outside, anonymous editor allows for better understanding of the plot as well as the characters. The manuscript, allowing an alternative point of view from the fanatic’s mind, can be confusing considering Robert has gone mad, but it allows the reader to closely follow the events and emotions that led to his lost sense of reality. The looming presence of the evil Gil-Martin drove Robert mad and led to his murder spree. Without manipulation and encouragement by way of Gil-Martin and without Robert’s use of his elect status as justification for his sins, it is unlikely that Robert would have ever sinned to such extreme. He would have instead devoted his time to the L ord, and he never would have committed suicide. The novel, although confusing at points, serves an excellent purpose of informing readers of the detrimental effects of religious fanaticism by utilizing the Calvinist concept of predestination.